In the following sections, special notations that're not part of the langauge are used for ease of presentation.
The meaning of such notation:
[ffi] {method,subr} [<type>] identifier(args);
is as follow:
The bracketed [ffi] means this is a method or a subroutine can be either FFI
or non-FFI. When it's FFI, it's return type is <type>.
The meaning of such notation:
<name1>(<name2>) := { ... }
is as follow:
The entity identified by <name1> is a subclass of <name2> (typically val),
and consist of additional members enumerated by the ellipsis ....
The word "subclass" is used here only to imply that object of type <name1>
may be used anywhere <name2> is expected. <name2> is not optional, because
it signifies to implementors of the runtime how an argument of such type
are to be passed.
Note: The notation is inspired by Python. Object-oriented programming is not a supported paradigm of cxing. The notation is strictly for presentation, and does not correspond to any existing language feature.
Because cxing is a dynamically typed language, typing is not enforced, and the implementation does not diagnose typing errors (because there aren't any). Checking the characteristics of an object is entirely the responsibility of codes that use it.